User:RailML Coord Documentation/IS:tunnel

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<tunnel>
 


Scheme description / Schemenbeschreibung

Position of <tunnel> in the XML-Tree / Position von <tunnel> im XML-Baum

Multiplicity / Anzahl

[0..∞]

Semantics / Bedeutung

A <tunnel> defines a tunnel as an infrastructure element and its attributes.
 
Please, be aware of the semantic constraint(s)!

Attributes of <tunnel> / Attribute von <tunnel>

  • id: XML-file-wide unique, machine-interpretable identity, required for later referencing that element internally. For a detailed explanation see Dev:identities.
    XML-Datei-weit eindeutige, maschineninterpretierbare IdentitĂ€t, die fĂŒr die spĂ€tere interne Referenzierung dieses Elements erforderlich ist. FĂŒr eine detaillierte ErklĂ€rung siehe Dev:identities.
  • code (introduced with version 2.1): Machine-interpretable string (e.g. an abbreviation) used for identification of the object across exchange partners, usecase specific uniqueness constraints may apply. Please see our description of the differences between id, code and human-readable identifiers.
    Maschineninterpretierbare Zeichenkette (z.B. AbkĂŒrzung), die zur Identifizierung des Objekts auch bei Austauschpartnern verwendet wird, wobei spezifische EindeutigkeitsbeschrĂ€nkungen gelten können. Bitte beachten Sie unsere ErlĂ€uterung zu den Unterschieden zwischen id, code and menschenlesbaren Kennzeichnungen.
  • name: Established, human-readable short string, giving the object a name. Not intended for machine interpretation, please see our notice on human interpretable data fields.
    Etablierte, menschenlesbare kurze Zeichenkette, die das Objekt benennt. Nicht zur maschinellen Interpretation bestimmt, siehe Hinweise zu menschenlesbaren Datenfeldern.
  • description: Human-readable, more detailed description as addition to the name. It should give additional explanations or hints to the contents of this element. Not intended for machine interpretation, please see our notice on human interpretable data fields.
    Menschenlesbare, detailliertere Beschreibung als ErgÀnzung zu name. Sie soll zusÀtzliche ErlÀuterungen oder Hinweise auf den Inhalt dieses Elements geben. Nicht zur maschinellen Interpretation bestimmt, siehe Hinweise zu menschenlesbaren Datenfeldern.
  • xml:lang (introduced with version 2.1): This is a unique identifier of language. It uses basically the language standard IETF BCP 47 (external link) which may be different to ISO 639-1 (external link) or ISO 639-2 (external link). For mapping hints see relation to other standards (external link).
    This defines the language used for name and description. Use Template:Ra:Tag to provide a name and/or description in other languages.
  • pos: This is the position on a track defined as distance from its start (trackBegin) regardless the "absolute mileage" in @absPos.
    Das ist die Position des Elements auf einem Track i.S. der realen Entfernung zum trackBegin. Sie ist damit unabhÀngig von der mit absPos modellierten Strecken-Kilometrierung.
đŸ—’ïž For an explanation of the differences between @pos and @absPos see <mileageChange>
  • absPos: This is the position on a track as absolute mileage/chainage.
    Das ist die Position des Elements im Referenzsystem der Strecken-Kilometrierung.
đŸ—’ïž For an explanation of the differences between @pos and @absPos see <mileageChange>
  • absPosOffset (deprecated with version 2.1): The semantics of this attribute aren't very clear. It seems to be redundant to the definitions with mileageChanges in "overlapping regions".
  • dir: (deprecated with version 2.5) This defines the validity of <tunnel> along the track. Possible values are:
  • up: This denotes the direction from the <trackBegin> to the <trackEnd> (increasing relative position values).
  • down: This goes opposite to up (decreasing relative position values).
  • unknown: <tunnel> is restricted to a certain direction, but this direction is not known.
  • length: length along the track in meters
  • crossSection: the area of the tunnel cross section in square meters
  • kind: Defines the (predominant) construction material of the tunnel wall (e.g. for determining the running resistance of trains). Possible values are:
    Definiert das (ĂŒberwiegende) Baumaterial der Tunnelwand (z.B. zur Bestimmung des Fahrwiderstands der ZĂŒge). Mögliche Werte sind:
  • natural stone: Original natural stone without any or with minimal treatment, usually more fissured
    (Original-) Naturstein ohne jegliche oder mit minimaler Behandlung, in der Regel stĂ€rker zerklĂŒftet
  • quarrystone: Quarry stone masonry with machined, levelled natural stones
    Bruchsteinmauerwerk mit bearbeiteten, geglÀtteten Natursteinen
  • brick: Man made rectangular stone, which is made of dried clay
    Ziegelmauerwerk (kĂŒnstlicher rechteckigem Stein, die aus getrocknetem Ton hergestellt ist)
  • concrete: In situ or prefabricated concrete (mixture of cement, sand and water) or prefabricated concrete parts/tubbings, very smooth surface
    Ort- oder Lieferbeton (Mischung aus Zement, Sand und Wasser) oder Beton-Fertigteile/TĂŒbbinge (TĂŒbbing (Wiki banner.png)), sehr glatte OberflĂ€che
  • other:anything: Any value that does not fit any value from the previous enumeration list, fulfilling the constraint: at minimum two characters, whitespace is not allowed. Please, apply Dev:usingAny accordingly.
  • resistanceFactorPassenger (introduced with version 2.5):The tunnel resistance factor in kg/m for passenger trains. Please, be aware of the semantic constraint(s)!
  • resistanceFactorFreight (introduced with version 2.5): The tunnel resistance factor in kg/m for freight trains. Please, be aware of the semantic constraint(s)!

Syntactic Constraints / Syntaktische BeschrÀnkungen

  • id: xs:ID, required
    a string, starting with a letter (a..zA..Z) or an underscore (_),
    followed by a non-colonized and non-spaced string consisting of letters, digits, points (.), dashes (-) or underscores (_)
  • code: xs:string, optional
  • name: xs:string, optional
  • description: xs:string, optional
  • xml:lang: xs:language, language identification, optional
  • pos: tLengthM (xs:decimal, 6 fraction digits, length value measured in meter); required; must be greater than or equal to zero, less than or equal to the track's length
  • absPos: tLengthM (xs:decimal, 6 fraction digits, length value measured in meter); optional
  • absPosOffset: xs:decimal, 6 fraction digits, length value measured in meter; optional
  • dir: xs:string, generic type for more constrained direction statements: enumeration up, down, unknown; derived from tLaxDirection; optional
  • length optional
  • crossSection optional
đŸ—’ïž Attention: in railMLÂź the crossSection is given in metres (tLengthM), but to be understood and used as square metres.
  • kind optional
  • resistanceFactorPassenger: xs:double; optional
  • resistanceFactorFreight: xs:double; optional

Semantic Constraints / Semantische BeschrÀnkungen

Private-cloud-icon.png Proposed Semantic Constraint "IS:014":
 
Define the tunnel resistance factor @resistanceFactorPassenger resp. @resistanceFactorFreight only if @kind and @crossSection are not known.
 
Proposed on March 14th 2022
FIXME: add Link to discussion!
Please, recognize our guidelines on semantic constraints

Best practice & Examples / Empfohlene Anwendung & Beispiele

Tunnel Resistance Factor / Tunnelwiderstand /

When a train is driving through a tunnel, it experiences a massively increased aerodynamic resistance. The exact amount of air drag depends on several factors including the contour of the train, the cross section area of the tunnel, the tunnel shape and the roughness of the tunnel walls.

Wenn ein Schienenfahrzeug durch einen Tunnel fĂ€hrt, hat es einen massiv höheren Luftwiderstand zu ĂŒberwinden. Der genaue Wert der Erhöhung des Luftwiderstands ist von verschiedenen Faktoren abhĂ€ngig. Dazu zĂ€hlen: die AußenflĂ€che des Zuges, der Tunnelquerschnitt, die Tunnelform, sowie die OberflĂ€chenbeschaffenheit der Tunnelwand[1].

The following formula can be used for calculating the tunnel resistance:

FĂŒr die Berechnung des Tunnelwiderstands kann folgende Formel verwendet werden:

RT = fT * v2

In this formula RT stands for the tunnel resistance force in Newton, v represents the speed of the train in meters per second and fT is the tunnel resistance factor that summarizes all the tunnel influences in kilogram per meter.

In dieser Formel steht RT fĂŒr die Tunnelwiderstandskraft in Newton, v reprĂ€sentiert die Geschwindigkeit des Zuges in Metern pro Sekunde und fT ist der Tunnelwiderstandsfaktor, welcher all die TunnelwiderstandseinflĂŒsse summiert in Kilogramm pro Sekunde.

Up to version 2.3 ÂŹÂŹrml

Notes / Anmerkungen

Not yet described. / Noch nicht beschrieben.

Open issues / Offene Punkte/Pendenzen

Not yet described. / Noch nicht beschrieben. 

followed the approach to explicitly model all the physical aspects that have an influence on the tunnel resistance factor. In particular, the <tunnel> element provides attributes for storing the cross section area of the tunnel in square meters, and the roughness of the tunnel walls in form of selection of different tunnel wall materials. The following example describes a modern concrete-made tunnel with two tracks.

Bis einschließlich Version 2.3 hat railMLÂź den Ansatz verfolgt, alle physikalischen Parameter, welche den Tunnelwiderstandsfaktor beeinflussen, explizit zu modellieren. Konkret beinhaltet das Element <tunnel> Attribute, in denen der Tunnelquerschnitt in Quadratmeter und die Tunnelwand-Beschaffenheit in Form einer Auswahl von verschiedenen Tunnelwand-Materialien angegeben werden kann. Typische Werte fĂŒr den Querschnitt von Eisenbahntunneln sind in https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenbahntunnel (externer Link, đŸ‡©đŸ‡Ș) dargestellt. Das folgende Beispiel beschreibt einen modernen, aus Beton gefertigten Tunnel mit einer Röhre fĂŒr zwei Tracks. 

<track ...>
  ...
  <trackElements>
    <tunnel id="d1b7bf21-a90e-4007-90f8-80c0b51a41ba"
            Description="tunnel with two tracks"
            pos="123.45" length="987.6"
            crossSection="92"
            kind="concrete"/>
  </trackElements>
</track>

The following example describes a modern concrete-made tunnel with only one track.

Das folgende Beispiel beschreibt einen modernen, aus Beton gefertigten Tunnel mit einer Röhre fĂŒr ein einzelnes Gleis. 

<track ...>
  ...
  <trackElements>
    <tunnel id="eded90a4-ff7c-4045-9083-5b9a4186d565"
            Description="single track tunnel"
            pos="543.21" length="678.9"
            crossSection="48"
            kind="concrete"/>
  </trackElements>
</track>

|notes=

General information on positioning

Positive pos values describe the distance from the track's begin. The track length is derived from the pos value in <trackEnd>.

The absolute mileage refered to by absPos is usually found on technical drawings of the track layout or on mileage posts next to the track.

References

  1. ↑ HĂŒrlimann, D. (2001): Objektorientierte Modellierung von Infrastrukturelementen und BetriebsvorgĂ€ngen im Eisenbahnwesen. Dissertation. (externer Link, pdf, đŸ‡©đŸ‡Ș)

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